بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم.
«غوطه ور شدن در فرهنگها» عنوان قسمتی از فصل دهم اثر زیر است:
داگلاس رابینسون، مترجم شدن، ترجمه ی رضی خدادای (هیرمندی)، تهران: مرکز نشر دانشگاهی، 1380.
فعلاً کاری به این کتاب و این فصل و این قسمت ندارم. این عنوان (غوطه ور شدن در فرهنگها) برایم جالب بود. به نظر من و طبق تجربه ی من، ترجمه و ویرایش ترجمه و ویرایش تألیف، فرایندی بسیار ظریف و پر پیچ و خم است. اگر قرار باشد حق مطلب ادا شود، چنین است. بقیه ی این مقاله، ذکر یک مثال است برای این که یافتن معادل واژه ها و ترکیبهای بیگانه چه قدر دشوار است.
در Encyclopadia of Mathematics دو مدخل است:
tight and taut immersions
و
tight measure
تعریف دایرت المعارفی ی tight and taut immersions طبق http://eom.springer.de/T/t092810.htm :
The total absolute curvature of an immersion of differentiability class , , , of a closed connected -manifold in Euclidean -space (cf. Immersion of a manifold) is expressed as an integral (a2) in terms of local invariants. It obeys
Here is the infimum of for all immersions of into Euclidean space or for some special class of immersions, such as a component of the space of smooth imbeddings, and is the -th Betti number for Čech homology with as coefficients (cf. Čech cohomology).
For a closed curve, , is the curvature and the arc length. For a surface in , , is the Gaussian curvature, the area form, and the Euler characteristic of . An immersion is called tight if and if this has minimal total absolute curvature , the lowest bound being attained. If, moreover, lies in the unit sphere , then the immersion of into is called taut. A taut immersion is always an imbedding.
The general definition of is as follows:
تعریف دایرت المعارفی ی tight measure طبق http://eom.springer.de/T/t092820.htm :
Let be a topological space, the Borel -field generated by the open sets and the paving (i.e. family of subsets) of all compact sets. A measure on is tight if
A finite tight measure on is a Radon measure. If is a separable complete metric space, every probability measure on is tight (Ulam's tightness theorem), [a2]. The terminology "tight" was introduced by L. LeCam, [a5].
تقریباً همزمان با مطالعه ی واژه نامه های عمومی و تخصصی برای یافتن معادل مناسب برای tight و taut و tight and taut ، در گوگل tight and taut را جست و جو کردم. جست و جوی زمان تحقیقم را نمی دانم دارم یا نه، ولی طبق جستو جوی گوگل در تاریخ هجدهم مرداد 1385:
969 نتیجه برای tight and taut
348 نتیجه برای taut and tight
صفر نتیجه برای tights and tauts
صفر نتیجه برای tauts and tights
نگاهی به تعدادی از جمله ها یا عبارتهائی که در آنها tight and taut است:
1) tight and taut submanifolds
2) tight and taut immersions
3) they were tight and taut and more than a little fierce
4) … to display tight and taut ass We adults …
5) But that's neither here nor there - Calexico on this night were tight and taut with their typically excellent musicianship and striking a perfect balance
6) To do the basic knot, wrap the knitting string around its neighbor string - both held tight and taut. Do this twice to complete the knot
7) The round tables are wrapped tight and taut in brown spandex and incorporate round glass charger plates
8) On the very plus side are the tight and taut suspensions with anti-roll systems front and rear, Ferrari-ish Brembo four-wheel anti-lock disc brakes
9) In the symphony’s first part, ensemble was kept tight and taut, and orchestral sunbursts were laser-bright." The Times, 29 June 2006. (read more
10) While in Minneapolis he formed The Draghounds (... a tight and taut hook machine... like a midwestern version of The Clash... -Mpls Star-Tribune) and
11) full ache or even paroxysmal colicky pain accompanied with nausea, vomiting and hematuria, tongue with white and greasy fur and tight and taut pulse. ...
12) Suddenly every muscle in my body sprang tight and taut
13) The broad sheaths of canvas are stretched tight and taut and are connected by two miles of cable and ten miles of rope above the complex stage
14) Pic- ture yourself a mollusk with an unsegmented body in a skin so tight and taut that you'd be safe. You could ruminate all night about the difference ...
15) Black red colour, this wine sure showed the benefit of the time opened, it started out tight and taut, but when we came to it at the tasting panel some 24 ...
16) Where the Boxster felt tight and taut, particularly for a drop-top, the Cayman surpasses it, feeling light on its feet and nimble. ...
17) Even a tight-and-taut li'l free daily like the one I'm outlining here would require a full-time staff of at least several dozen, and enough operating ...
18) The models stepped out, a feathered hat here, a horse-blanket serape flying open there, the bottom halves tight and taut with mid-calf pants giving a new ...
19) All of the seams, gaps, and panel spaces were all cleanly and neatly even, tight, and taut. All gaps seemed to be unilaterally tight and even. ...
20) And, with major changes, the relationship between these teams certainly may no longer be as tight and taut as it remained Tuesday night, when the Angels ...
21) The poems are tight and taut and finely-crafted -- distilled to their essence. What really resonates with me are his experiences in the outdoors, ...
22) Unique Arch Support Technology keeps tent tight and taut
23) Does the skin on your face feel uncomfortably tight and taut after washing it
24) The Tarago's body generally remains tight and taut in the long term, but look for bumps and scrapes that suggest neglect
25) And he'd stand there tight and taut as shot after shot bounced off his chest like rubber balls off thick brick walls
26) We have a couple of important guests coming in today, so the update is tight and taut, not to mention shorter than usual
27) Another fabulous movie from Patrick Yau with his tight and taut direction
28) Keeping everything tight and taut will make the movement much easier
29) The bandages are tight and taut around the body, arms crossed before its chest
30) Nice tight and taut style
31) When the rainfly is set up really tight and taut, it can make a flapping noise not unlike the sails in a sailboat
32) Tight and taut and overpoweringly talented, Muse are at the peak of their powers and a credit to British rock
33) Does not leave the skin with a tight and taut feeling * Does not leave behind waxy, slippery residue * Leaves the skin and senses feeling totally refreshed
34) Low-end response came across quite well, as the movie presented tight and taut bass
35) In two interviews, he called the current budget "very tight and taut." His Democratic opponents suppose Allen's loyal voting with the President will hurt
36) If the sight of a tight and taut virgin asshole being pummeled by a swollen prick turns you on, look no further. These swarthy rectum wreckers deliver a ...
37) Join Paul Thomas and adult's leading luminary Racquel Darrian, in a tight and taut psychological thriller filled with betrayal, mistaken identity, ...
38) Tight and taut acidity hold it in good stead for a long cellaring proposition
39) film about the boat hull and the entire plastic film is subjected to heat sufficient to shrink the film and produce a tight and taut membraneous cover. ...
40) Tight and taut embeddings
41) Very tight and taut and quite intense and entertaining too
42) Be sure to stretch it tight and taut
43) The editing is masterful tight and taut, and the cast is brilliant great acting and expert martial arts skills fused into one. ..
44) This is the car as an art form; a skin stretched tight and taut over strong, powerful muscles, and decorated with pieces of pure automotive jewelry. ...
***
من در نهایت، معادل فارسی ی دو مدخل را چنین در نظر گرفتم:
|
فروبری های چسبان و کشیده |
tight and taut immersions |
|
اندازه ی چسبان |
tight measure |
به نظر می رسد «tight and taut» به طور خاص در ریاضیات کاربرد دارد:
Tight and taut immersions
Tight and taut submanifolds
Tight and taut suspensions
Tight and taut embeddings
شاید «tight and taut» در انگلیسی اصطلاح باشد، و این اصطلاح را در زبان علم و زبان عادی به کار برند، ولی به نظر می رسد نمی توان این اصطلاح را در فارسی فقط به یک شکل ترجمه کرد. آری:
غوطه ور شدن در دریای فرهنگها.
